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WATCH RELATED VIDEO: XM-073.B M/elody - Shion Tsuji sub español Tokyo magnitude 8.0 720p

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Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. These compounds were developed as chemical warfare agents, and one agent GB, or sarin was used by terrorists in the exposure incident that took place in the Tokyo subway system.

The G agents are all viscous liquids of varying volatility vapor density relative to air between 4. Toxic effects may occur at vapor concentrations below those of odor detection.

Agent VX is a amber-colored liquid with a vapor density of 9. As a consequence, agent VX vapor possesses no olfactory warning properties. The vapor pressures and acute toxicity of these agents are sufficiently high for the vapors to be rapidly lethal. Agent GA represents a smaller vapor hazard and is expected to present a relevant contact hazard.

Agent VX, which has a vapor density 9. Exposure to acutely toxic concentrations of nerve agents can result in excessive bronchial, salivary, ocular, and intestinal secretions and sweating, miosis, bronchospasm, intestinal hypermotility, bradycardia, muscle fasciculations, twitching, weakness, paralysis, loss of consciousness, convulsions, depression of the central respiratory drive, and death.

Minimal effects observed at low vapor concentrations include miosis contraction of the pupils of the eye, with subsequent decrease in pupil area , tightness of the chest, rhinorrhea, and dyspnea Dunn and Sidell The results of agent GB vapor exposure studies conducted with human volunteers indicate that the threshold for miosis and other minimal toxic effects falls in the range of 0.

The findings are based on the results of low-concentration nerve agent exposures of informed volunteers who were under clinical supervi-.

A concern associated with symptomatic exposures to anticholinesterase compounds such as the nerve agents is the possibility of chronic neurological effects. There is, at present, no evidence indicating that asymptomatic exposures to any of the nerve agents result in chronic neurological disorders. In general, the available epidemiological data indicate that most clinical signs of toxicity resolve within hours to days; severe miosis can require several months after exposure for resolution.

However, several studies have shown that subclinical signs may persist for longer periods. Following the chemical terrorist attacks with nerve agent GB sarin that occurred in Japan in and , clinical signs of agent toxicity were no longer apparent in the surviving victims 3 months mo after the exposures had occurred; however, several studies conducted on a small number of asymptomatic individuals 6—8 mo after the attack revealed subclinical signs of neurophysiological deficits as measured by event-related and visual evoked potentials, psychomotor performance, and increases in postural sway.

Small but measurable changes in single fibre electromyography SFEMG of the forearm were detectable between 4 and 15 mo following exposure to a concentration of agent GB that produced minimal clinical signs and symptoms in fully informed human subjects who were under clinical supervision in compliance with Helsinki accords Baker and Sedgwick In a separate study of workers who had been occupationally exposed to agent GB sarin , altered electroencephalograms EEGs were recorded 1 year y or more after the last exposure had occurred.

Spectral analysis of the EEGs indicated significant increases in brain beta activity 12—30 Hz in the exposed group when compared with nonexposed controls, and sleep EEGs revealed significantly increased rapid eye movement in the exposed workers; however, those observations were not clinically significant. Slight, but nonsignificant, increases in beta activity, without deleterious effects on cognitive performance, were reported for marmosets injected with GB at 3.

The significance of subclinical neurological effects for the long-term health of exposed individuals has not been determined. Animal data from vapor and oral exposure studies for the G-series nerve agents and agent VX suggest that agents GB and VX do not induce. Oral exposure studies of agent GD in lab animals as well as injection exposure studies of agent GA likewise suggest a lack of reproductive or development effects for these agents. Neither agent GB nor agent VX were found to be genotoxic in a series of microbial and mammalian assays, but agent GA was reported to be weakly mutagenic.

The base of data for toxicological effects in humans is more complete for agent GB than for any of the other nerve agents under consideration in this analysis.

The AEGL-1 values for agent GB were derived from a well-conducted study on adult female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed whole-body in a dynamic airflow chamber to a range of GB vapor concentrations 0.

Blood samples collected from tail vein and heart at 60 min and 7 d postexposure indicated no significant change from preexposure baseline in monitored blood RBC-ChE, butyrylcholinesterase BuChE or carboxylesterase. No other clinical signs were evident throughout the duration of the study. This is a. In terms of potential effects on humans, an EC 50 for miosis is not considered an adverse effect.

This degree of miosis is the first measurable change, by modern and reproducible techniques, in the continuum of response to anticholinesterase compounds. For individuals with central cataracts, the effects would be more pronounced at all illumination levels.

Data from GB vapor studies of nonhuman primates marmosets, 5 h exposures to GB vapor concentrations at 0. The human data of Harvey and Johns indicate that some adult humans exposed to concentrations within the exposure range tested by Mioduszewski et al. Compared to the available human data, the miosis data derived from the study on rats Mioduszewski et al. With the additional knowledge that the EC 50 exhibited by rats in the study of Mioduszewski et al.

Mioduszewski et al. The weight-of-evidence analysis indicates reasonable concordance among AEGL-1 estimates derived from the female Sprague-Dawley rat, the marmoset, and the human data sets identified above. Application of the Mioduszewski et al. The SFEMG changes noted in the study were not clinically significant and were not detectable after 15—30 mo.

Baker and Sedgwick considered SFEMG changes a possible early indicator or precursor of the nondepolarising neuromuscular block associated with intermediate-syndrome paralysis in severe organophosphorous insecticide poisoning cases. Although not considered debilitating or permanent effects in themselves, SFEMG changes are considered an early indicator of exposures that potentially could result in more significant effects. Selection of this effect as a protective definition of an AEGL-2 level is considered appropriate given the steep dose-response toxicity curve of nerve agents Aas et al.

The concept of added precaution for steep dose-response is consistent with the emergency planning guidance for nerve agents that was developed by the National Center for Environmental Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Thacker Animals exposed to low concentrations of the G agents exhibit the same signs of toxicity as humans, including miosis, salivation, rhinorrhea, dyspnea, and muscle fasciculations.

Studies on dogs and rats indicate that exposures to GB at 0. The temporal extrapolation used here is based on.

Regression analysis of the LC 01 values yields an n value of 1. However, because of uncertainties associated with some of the exposure measurements in the earlier studies, the Mioduszewki et al.

The n value of 2 was used to extrapolate for exposure time periods for which there were no experimental data. Those included 1 the 8-h AEGL-3 value extrapolated from experimental data for 6 h ; 2 the min and 8-h AEGL-1 values extrapolated from min and 4-h experimental data; and 3 all of the AEGL-2 values extrapolated from experimental data for 30 min. In consultation with experimental investigators at Porton Down United Kingdom and the TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory Netherlands , the analysis has determined that the miotogenic response of mammalian eyes to agent GB vapor exposure is similar across species.

The species evaluated include standard laboratory animals rabbits, rats, guinea pigs , nonhuman primates marmosets , and humans.

As a consequence, the interspecies uncertainty factor UF for the critical AEGL-1 end point of miosis is considered equal to 1. To accommodate known variation in human cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity that may make some individuals susceptible to the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors such as nerve agents, a factor of 10 was applied for intraspecies variability protection of susceptible populations.

A modifying factor is not applicable. As was the case in the AEGL-1 estimations, a factor of 10 was. Because the mechanism of action is the same for all the G agents, data uncertainty is reduced, and target organ effects are expected to be identical, but different in magnitude. This concept has been applied before in the estimation of G-series nerve agent exposure limits, most recently by Mioduszewski et al. AEGL-3 values for agent GB were derived from recent inhalation studies in which the lethality of GB vapor in female Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated for , , , , , and min time periods Mioduszewski et al.

Both experimental LC 01 and LC 50 values were evaluated. The use of a rat data set resulted in selection. The full default value of 10 for intraspecies uncertainty was considered necessary to protect susceptible populations. As was the case in the derivation of the GB AEGLs, an n value of 2 was used for extrapolating to different time periods; however, because of the sparse data set for GD, the full default values for interspecies 10 and intraspecies 10 uncertainty were applied to the Aas et al.

Because a modifying factor is not applicable, a composite UF of was used for the Aas et al. The resulting min AEGL-3 0. Insufficient data are available from which to directly derive AEGL values for VX from human or animal inhalation toxicity studies. The few studies available are historical and are considered nonverifiable because of flawed study design, poor sampling techniques, or suspect contamination.

Nevertheless, available literature clearly indicates that inhibition of cholinesterase activity is a common mechanism of toxicity shared by the G-series nerve agents and nerve agent VX. Thus, it was possible to develop AEGL estimates for agent VX by a comparative method of relative potency analysis from the more complete data set for nerve agent GB.

The concept has been applied before in the estimation of agent VX exposure limits, most recently by Reutter et al. There are a number of estimates in the literature regarding the potency of VX relative to agent GB; all estimates indicate that vapor toxicity for agent VX is greater than that for agent GB.

The human data indicate that agent VX is approximately 4 times more potent than agent GB for inducing the RBC-ChE 50 end point, which is considered an early and quantitative measure of the response continuum known for those compounds. All mammalian toxicity end points observed in the data set for nerve agent VX as well as the G-series agents represent different points on the response continuum for anticholinesterase effects.

Further, the mechanism of mammalian toxicity cholinesterase inhibition is the same for all nerve agents. Data from a GB vapor study of nonhuman primates marmosets, 5 h exposures to GB vapor concentrations at 0. By further application of the GB:VX relative potency concept outlined above, the AEGL-3 values for agent VX were derived from recent inhalation studies in which the lethality of GB to female Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated for the , , , , , and min time periods Mioduszewski et al.

Further data analysis and experimentation is needed to more fully understand gender differences in susceptibility to nonlethal and lethal end points among the test population of SD rats. Interspecies susceptibility could be more fully characterized by determining if similar results can be obtained for the same protocol with different test species particularly nonhuman primates. It is noted that additional research to more fully characterize VX is needed in the following areas:.

The toxicity of VX vapor in whole-animal systems. It is noted that specific experimental focus should be on obtaining data that would reduce uncertainties regarding the relative potency of agents GB and VX, or the potency of agent VX, for critical effects such as miosis, rhinorrhea, and lethality.

Such studies could be adequately performed on a limited test population and scale. The emissions profile expected during VX release, especially the generation and yield of VX vapors versus aerosol.

Comparative examination of agents GB and VX with regard to noncholinergic mechanisms in an effort to correlate whole-organism toxic responses with those reported for in vitro rat hippocampal cells in culture. The primary goal would be to generate a more refined determination of GB:VX relative potency.

This evaluation of the AEGL values for the nerve agents GA, GB, GD, and GF is based on studies and data that are documented in the open literature as well as some unclassified documents with limited distribution requirements.

Because of the military-specific nature of these compounds, some additional reports from the United States and elsewhere with classified or restricted distribution requirements exist. However, because of the open review process established by the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances, classified and other restricted-distribution reports are not cited in this evaluation, to the best of our knowledge.

Based on relative potency from GB b. Based on relative potency from GB c. Based on relative potency from GB d. Based on relative potency from GB e. Derived by relative potency from EC 50 for miosis observed in adult female SD rats exposed to a range of GB vapor concentrations 0.

Derived by relative potency from study of GB vapor exposure to exercising human volunteers exposed at 0. Percutaneous absorption of nerve agent vapors is known to be an effective route of exposure; nevertheless, percutaneous vapor concentrations needed to produce similar adverse effects are greater than inhalation vapor concentrations by several orders of magnitude.


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Not a MyNAP member yet? Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. These compounds were developed as chemical warfare agents, and one agent GB, or sarin was used by terrorists in the exposure incident that took place in the Tokyo subway system. The G agents are all viscous liquids of varying volatility vapor density relative to air between 4. Toxic effects may occur at vapor concentrations below those of odor detection.

Watch Tokyo Magnitude (), Japanese Show in HD subs on HiDive. It is a Animation, Drama Show, starring Satomi Hanamura, Yumiko Kobayashi and Yuko.

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When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Log in. Sign up. Tokyo Magnitude 8. Collection by Leah Meiling. Similar ideas popular now. Anime Triste. Deadman Wonderland. Anime Reviews.

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tokyo magnitude 8.0 gb

I always feel that were missing out on great games from the great land that is Japan. Somehow this game made it though and I am glad. I was even more excited since it claimed to have a good portrayal of Akihabara and since I have been there twice I think I would serve as a good judge on whether it does Akihabara justice. Early in the game you unwilling become a synthister by a mysterious girl who saves you from the brink of death but unlike the rest of the synthisters you are able to control your desires. The game play consists of you running around completing missions and fighting synthisters to gain XP and level up.

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Tokyo Magnitude 8.0

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December 2, by Poster. The realism of passing clouds, shadows falling away when characters go from shaded areas to light, and the perspective of a train going forward are very nice. The eyes are not very detailed, but the faces are. The music is rarely interesting, and it is, at the beginning, quite confusing. For a good minute, I thought that I had accidentally played something off a web page.

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