Cellular respiration cartoon
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Modeling Cellular Respiration Cartoon - Cartoon, HD Png Download
Fumarate reductase quinol EC 1. Fumarate reductase QFR is a key enzyme induced by anaerobic growth of bacteria.
It is a membrane bound protein capable of oxidizing a quinone and passing the released electrons to an awaiting fumarate to be reduced. It is activated and synthesized under low oxygen conditions, when aerobic respiration cannot be performed and the cell must perform anaerobic respiration to grow. To date, a number of QFR enzymes have been crystalized and the specifics of enzyme structure varies between organisms; however, the overall structure remains similar across different species.
It is closely bound to subunit B, which contains three iron-sulfur centers, all placed near to each other and the nearby substrates. Subunit C consists of hydrophobic membrane-spanning, primarily helical segments and is the site of quinol oxidization. In some fumarate reductase structures, one or more heme groups are additionally bound to the C subunit and participate in the electron transfer. It may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane.
The reduction of fumarate in fumarate reductase is achieved via the oxidation of a quinol bound to subunit C and the resulting transfer of electrons down a chain of iron-sulfur clusters onto a waiting FAD molecule. The edge-to-edge distances between the quinol, the iron sulfur clusters, and the FAD in this enzyme do not exceed Once electrons have travelled down the iron-sulfur clusters, they pass onto the FAD molecule bound to the catalytic site of the enzyme.
The final reduction of the fumarate is achieved in the active site where the asymmetrical charges from the nearby amino acids polarize the fumarate and distort its shape. Succinate dehydrogenase SQR is a key enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and single celled organisms.
Both SQR and QFR are highly related and have been shown to have some functional overlap and redundancy in various organisms. Additionally, Based on a study performed in E. Fumarate reductase is involved in anaerobic respiration of multiple different organisms. Most of the information gathered about fumarate reductase is from the Escherichia coli fumarate reductase; however, fumarate reductase has also been studied in other organisms including Wolinella succinogenes, Helicobacter pylori , and Bacteroides fragilis.
In addition to low oxygen conditions, fumarate reductase genes are also activated by high concentrations of fumarate and repressed in the presence of other terminal electron acceptors including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD and nitrate. Fumarate reductase also has a notably high production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in E.
The single electron reactivity of FAD, iron-sulfur clusters, and quinones in the fumarate reductase could all contribute to electron transfer to oxygen. However, FAD has been shown to be the most significant cause of superoxide and peroxide formation in fumarate reductase, due to higher solvent accessibility in the active site than in the locations of the quinone and iron-sulfur clusters. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Fumarate reductase quinol 3D cartoon of the fumarate reductase crystal structure from E. Cartoon structure of fumarate reductase subunits C and D near two menaquinone molecules.
PMID The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Microbial Pathogenesis. Advances in Microbial Physiology. ISBN S2CID Journal of Biochemistry.
PMC Retrieved Journal of General Microbiology. Journal of Bacteriology. European Journal of Biochemistry. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase Protoporphyrinogen oxidase Bilirubin oxidase Acyl-CoA oxidase Dihydrouracil oxidase Tetrahydroberberine oxidase Secologanin synthase Tryptophan alpha,beta-oxidase Pyrroloquinoline-quinone synthase L-galactonolactone oxidase.
Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator. EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes. Portal : Biology. Categories : EC 1. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.
IntEnz view. NiceZyme view. KEGG entry. Search PMC articles. Cartoon structure of fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit A.
The Cartoon Guide to Biology: Seeing biology in a different way
Mary K. The American Biology Teacher 1 August ; 77 6 : — Over the years, many of my students have reported that they enjoy lectures that include short, simple animations. To keep students engaged, I have developed a small set of teaching animations using PowerPoint and Camtasia Studio software packages.
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Words matter. Images matter. The Scientific Inquirer needs your support. Help us pay our contributors for their hard work. Visit our Patreon page and discover ways that you can make a difference. The friendly face serves two purposes — to be welcoming while also informing the viewer. Our early favorite piece of comedy shows a shaman holding a mushroom while walking away from a dead body. Clever interpretations and cheeky asides add a bit of levity to topics not often viewed humorously, particularly by people with exams on the horizon. At first glance, a book titled The Cartoon Guide to Biology would seem to magically transform a difficult subject into something immediately understandable.
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We feel that this animation has a particular value in reminding students that the different processes that take place in a plant are interrelated. However, if you prefer, you can watch the individual animations via the following links:. This animation covers plant transport, demonstrating how water travels through the plant, and how sugars are distributed around the plant. This can then be related to the second animation, on photosynthesis and respiration.
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Respiration Stock Vector Images
Another challenge for our Medical Animation Studio was to create a detailed overview of the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, where the Krebs cycle biology animation occurs. This is a glimpse of the original animation. The citric acid cycle plays a major metabolic role in our bodies. Along with supplying energy, this cycle also provides the intermediates needed for the synthesis of compounds like glucose, amino acids, etc. Its importance is proved by giving it three different official names. Tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle is also widely used based on the three carboxyl groups on its first two intermediates, and the Krebs cycle, which is named after its discoverer, Hans Krebs.
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Aerobic respiration is the most important process used to produce energy for a cell. It involves several pathways including: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and electron transport. Various sugars, fats, and proteins enter these pathways, and they can all be broken down to produce ATP energy for a cell. In this animation, we will focus on the citric acid cycle—also called the tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle or Krebs cycle. The citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix, or fluid, of the mitochondrion.
Sabbatical is here thanks, Juniata College and I have time to work on books and research projects. This blog should be a good venue to chronicle my activities. The first project is finishing the final chapter of my epic energy flow trilogy. My plan is to complete it by the middle of next month, so stay tuned. I post these pages because I hope teachers and students may find them useful. Consequently, I want the story to be as accurate as possible.
During development from stem to fully differentiated, cells in the body alternately divide mitosis and "appear" to be resting interphase. This sequence of activities exhibited by cells is called the cell cycle. Follow the events in the entire cell cycle with the following animation.
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